so that, in particular, Open image in new window Then the wealth process discounted back to time t satisfies, for all u∈[t,T], widetilde{V}_{u}left(x_{t},p_{t},phi^{t},mathcal{C}^{t}right):= left(mathcal{B}^{t}_{u}(x_{t})right)^{-1} V_{u}left(x_{t},p_{t},phi^{t},mathcal{C}^{t}right) (28).
Inmar, an American firm that processes discount coupons, says that redemptions in America were 17% higher in the first quarter of 2009 than in the same period last year, as consumers hunted for bargains.
Shopify Plus is the e-commerce provider's "white glove" offering, with additional features including dedicated account management personnel, a customizable checkout process and discounts on other add-on service offerings offered by Shopify.
In most economic analyses, the costs are modified for the outcomes occurring in the future, a process called discounting.
Discounting benefits has a considerable effect on the number of CRCs detected and the overall mortality rate, and the whole process of discounting deaths and other outcomes remains debatable.
3) The reviewers noted a similar manuscript that has recently been published in Cell, but it is eLife policy not to hold papers published during the review process as discounting the novelty of the study; furthermore the reviewers felt that the findings may be complementary and that this was good for the field.
Undecidability is established for policy-existence problems for partially observable infinite-horizon Markov decision processes under discounted and undiscounted total reward models, average-reward models, and state-avoidance models.
However, psychological processes underlying discounting uncertain rewards are yet to be investigated.
Federal officials said drug prices were determined by a complex process that involved discounts, rebates and other financial arrangements among drug manufacturers, wholesalers, pharmacists and insurers.
But there's also an emotional component to this discounting process.
