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The promising solvents were proposed through a comprehensive procedure of solvent selection from solvent screening to complete process design.
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In this way, the proposed methodology allows both to design new procedures of solvent replacement and to improve existing industrial processes.
At the same time, the solid-phase extraction (SPE) has also become quite popular sample preparation procedure for trace analysis [5 9], allows to reduce solvent consumption due to a simplified procedure of the solvent removal.
Figure 7 illustrates a schematic procedure of anti-solvent treatment for one-step deposition method, along with the morphology of MAPbI3 produced by this method.
Generally, the test procedure for solvent tolerance characteristics of bacteria is determined by exposing a solvent to high-density late-exponentially grown cells, as described earlier.
Following this initial success, we optimised the coupling procedure in terms of solvent and temperature and investigated the use of different phenyl-boron coupling partners (for optimisation studies, see the ESI †).
The proposed procedure requires small volumes of solvent and sample.
Fig. 7 (Top) a schematic illustration of solvent engineering procedure and (bottom) SEM image of the MAPbI3 produced by the solvent (toluene) engineering method.
The entire extraction procedure, using the same batches of solvent and equivalent laboratory equipment, was then repeated in order to produce blank samples.
The extracts were collected separately and the column of the Soxhlet apparatus was washed with 200 ml of water and 100 ml of a similar solvent as an eluent after each type of solvent extraction procedure.
The procedure for solvent-solvent separation was adopted from Ranjan [ 15] with minor modifications.
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