Her account expands the scope of theoretical discussions of representation away from formal procedures of authorization to the deliberative and expressive dimensions of representative institutions.
As mentioned earlier, theoretical discussions of political representation have focused mainly on the formal procedures of authorization and accountability within nation states, that is, on what Pitkin called formalistic representation.
Thus, Williams expands accounts of political representation beyond the question of institutional design and thus, in effect, challenges those who understand representation as simply a matter of formal procedures of authorization and accountability.
Similarly, Pitkin's conclusions about the paradoxical nature of political representation support the tendency among contemporary theorists and political scientists to focus on formal procedures of authorization and accountability (formalistic representation).
Therefore, the search for relevant information about methods compliant with the 3Rs is a key issue of authorization procedures for animal experiments in Europe.
Legal impact Both the indications of use for all the surgical procedures, categories of patients, and presence of authorization of use at national, European and International levels were evaluated using a 7-item Likert scale.
"The six adoptions of today are the result of a usual and standard procedure concerning the authorization" of genetically modified crops, the commission said.
Certificates of authorization are available from the authors upon request.
In the case of children, the legislation (article R.1112-35 of the Public Health Code) on surgical procedures requires the authorization of the person who holds parental authority.
Nine percent (61/671) concern drugs that obtained marketing authorization through the centralized procedure of EMA, involving 32 different products.
