Theoretical as well as historical models of spatial planning seem to show that an abstract-procedural-normative (APN) model of planning, born in systems theory and in cybernetics, has found few applications in spatial planning.
Call these procedural norms.
► Choosing the comparator not only implies procedural but normative choices.
Another rational model of planning (practical-procedural-non-normative, PPNN), born in communicative and organizational theories and inspired by behavioural paradigms of social interaction, needs to be considered.
However, the occurrence of ethical dilemmas in the field calls for deliberative judgement which can be informed and guided but not resolved by normative procedural rules.
Such tensions reveal the importance of critically engaging with, rather than adopting a procedural approach to, normative issues to ensure that public policy seeks as far as possible to promote fundamental convictions of society.
Simultaneously, it further elaborates responsiveness as the action element of RRI, by suggesting the deliberate choice between normative and procedural approach as one form of such action.
These processes motivated the organizations to make the normative and procedural changes (5, 7) needed to meet their organizational and programmatic goals (27).
This places all the normative weight on procedural values.
10 18 20 Nevertheless, normative ethical (eg, procedural justice), 21 economic 22 24 and political (eg, deliberative democracy) 25 arguments provide strong support for the consideration of public preferences alongside other clinical and economic evidence when developing prioritisation criteria.
Moreover, although our approach was based on the notion that fair priority setting requires a normative grounding in procedural justice – in this case, A4R – this does not mean that these findings are normatively 'right' for clinical service priority setting in all health care organisations.
