Physicians in both settings recorded demographic data, medical history, details on cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities, results of physical examination, laboratory and procedural test results, medications and the dosages of their patients.
Thus, open vascular surgeries can be assisted by an intra-procedural angiographic examination, while a primarily endovascular stent-graft therapy via the femoral arteries remains an alternative option [6].
Each patient had their pre-procedural CT examination re-reviewed by a consultant vascular radiologist, who allocated them to a group based on whether or not they had an aorta which fulfilled all the criteria required for them to be entered into the EVAR-1 Trial.
The position of smaller tumours was inferred from the pre-procedural CT examination of the lungs, and catheter placement was then based on segmental anatomy of the pulmonary arteries.
In addition, EDFT provides exposure to important elements such as history taking, physical examination, procedural skills and radiographic interpretation, which are sometimes deficient in interns [9].
The items cover physical examination, procedural steps to arrive at what is wrong, experience of the provider, etc.
At Newcastle University, clinical skills training starts at the outset of year 1 for the undergraduate medical students, comprising of clinical examination, procedural skills and communication skills.
The use of videos to demonstrate skills on real patients also fits well with Peyton's 4 - step approach to teaching procedural and physical examination skills [ 14].
In tha additional program NPT students practiced ("doctor-to-patient") communication, physical examination, procedural, and clinical reasoning skills in the laboratory with manikins, their peers and simulated patients.
In a European multi-centre trial, it was demonstrated that high-quality bowel preparation was associated with a higher rate of complete examination, shortened procedural time and lower rate of procedure difficulty when compared with low-quality bowel preparation [ 6].
