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The paired maxillae each consisted of a curved and heavy sclerotised, fused cardo and stipes in the proximal proboscis region (Fig. 1A).
This procedure gave the volume of the galea, its muscles and cuticle for each proboscis region with spans of 200 μm in long-tongued species or spans of 100 μm in short-tongued riodinids.
By multiplying the volume of the galea/muscles/cuticle per 1 μm proboscis length by the length of the respective proboscis region, and adding the volumes of each region, we can estimate the volume of a whole galea, its muscles and cuticle.
The MaterialStatistics tool was used to make volumetric calculations of the galea, as well as its muscles and cuticle, in each proboscis region (proximal: 0 30%, knee bend: 30 35%, distal: 35% to the beginning of the proboscis tip, and tip region, which is characterized by intake slits for nectar and the presence of sensilla styloconica).
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The long-tongued and short-tongued species differ significantly in the proportions of the proboscis regions (Table 3).
A series of cross sections for a span of 100 μm was taken from the various proboscis regions.
This observation explains the greater number of nuclei observed in the introvert region using standard nuclear staining methods (for example, compare introvert and trunk regions in Figure 2B,C), and this region corresponds to the area of brain and proboscis formation.
The butterfly stretches the legs to lift the body so that enough space is provided beneath to allow for the extension of the proboscis beyond the bend region in forwards and downwards direction (Fig. 1A).
The pterobranch body, like that of the related acorn worm, can be divided into three regions: a proboscis (i.e., a tubular sucking organ); a collar with tentacles used to filter food, usually small planktonic plants and animals, from the surrounding water; and a trunk containing a U-shaped gut.
Many of them are particularly long and have sealed food tubes, specialized apical regions, new proboscis resting positions and modified feeding movements.
The microstructures and flow patterns in the tip region of the proboscis were in vivo analyzed.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com