"It is not so much a problem of freedom of speech," he said, "but freedom after speech.
They are the problem of free will, also called the problem of freedom and determinism, and the problem of whether a person's mind can survive his death.
His Von der Gnadenwahl (On the Election of Grace), written the same year, examines the problem of freedom, made acute at the time by the spread of Calvinism.
The recurring theme of the short chapters in "Strangers" is the problem of freedom for a woman born before the baby boom.
Last year the row over cartoons of the prophet Muhammad published in a Danish newspaper drew the world's attention to the problem of freedom of expression versus esteem for religious feelings.
The latter, more philosophical, gave exposition in terms of dialectical insight to the problem of freedom that Calvinist predestination (the view that man's destiny is foreknown by God) was then making acute.
If it is through a separate act, the problem of freedom simply shifts its location.
The two theses, appearing as they did one year after the publication of Kant's Critique of Practical Reason, may be taken as a tacit criticism of Kant's strategy of defining the problem of freedom in the form of an antinomy.
This concept of the intelligible character is Kantian (Critique of Pure Reason, A539/B567), and in conjunction with Kant's correlated concept of an empirical character (i.e., the intelligible character as it is experientially expressed) Schopenhauer regards it as a means to resolve the problem of freedom and determinism, and to be one of the most profound ideas in Kant's philosophy.
He also demonstrates that it is equally possible to prove some judgments about "world wholes" as it is to prove their opposites, such as the claims that space must be unbounded and that it must be bounded ("The Antinomies," including the idea of an absolutely first cause: the problem of freedom as it is posed in the famous "Third Antinomy").
