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This helps to correct the problematic variation of Raman intensity from the inherent fluctuation in laser power.
In sparse data situations with unusual curvature in the underlying function, nonparametric techniques often result in estimates with problematic variation whereas their parametric counterparts may result in estimates with problematic bias.
A broad survey of ITS intra-genomic variation in corals showed that problematic variation was a rare exception found only in Acropora and not as a general rule in other coral taxa [ 29].
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Copy number variation (CNV) in terms of aneuploidies of both entire chromosomes and chromosomal segments is an important evolutionary driving force, but it is inevitably accompanied by potentially problematic variations in gene doses and genomic instability.
Variation around sample means can be estimated using the standard deviation but interpretation of the SD can be problematic if variation increases with the mean, a common phenomenon [ 32].
In general, sample sizes have been limited for coral associated bacterial community analyses, which is problematic if variation occurs between individuals within a population [3].
The inclusion of large numbers of overseas qualified nurses was described as particularly problematic as variation in skills levels not only increased the workload of other staff, but language differences led to communication problems that could be dangerous in emergency situations.
Direct comparison of gene expression in different species on a single-species array is especially problematic, as variations in gene copy number, sequence divergence and RNA expression levels are all confounded.
This is problematic, however, since variation in a response variable for immigrants arriving in different years can be due to differences in length of residence, differences in observed and unobserved characteristics between cohorts, or both.
Direct comparison with previous student surveys is somewhat problematic due to variation in herbal product terminology.
Diagnosis of PCD can be problematic, with wide variation in symptoms and scarcity of diagnostic facilities [ 4].
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com