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Based on the osteological correlates we have assembled (Table 4), we would argue, first, that until we can show evidence of the presence of at least one avian ventilatory air sac (besides the non-ventilatory cervical air sac), it is problematic to infer the presence of flow-through ventilation or a rigid, dorsally-attached lung.
It is problematic to infer evolutionary relationships for homologous genes among different lineages based on phylogenetic distance alone.
However, observational epidemiologic studies may be affected by confounding, reverse causation and bias, and therefore, it is problematic to infer causality from their results.
The main weakness of the SLFS is that it allows us to investigate only 1-year time intervals and it is, then, problematic to infer longer term mobility rates from the observed 1-year rates.
Phylogenetic trees of the Listeria isolates were constructed using sequences for 100 genes in the core genome of the species studied; these genes were randomly selected form all genes that were previously shown to have no evidence for either positive selection or recombination [ 38] as these two processes make it problematic to infer the true organismal phylogeny.
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Although the researchers acknowledge that it can be problematic to derive clear meaning from averaging Likert scale responses, it was felt that the specific questions being asked made it possible to infer useful meaning from the averages of each question.
However, body mass may be a problematic variable from which to infer genetic differences between populations-animals collected by Wahrman and Gourevitz [ 55] showed no significant differences in body mass between locations, after exposure to laboratory conditions for 2-4 weeks.
Although the exact interpretation of methylation patterns may be problematic [ 21], sequences are increasing used to infer ancestral relationships, especially when (like in human colon) few other alternatives exist.
It has been shown that functional recording is an effective means of decreasing nonphylogenetic signal and may help to infer phylogeny in the case of problematic taxa [ 50].
Generally, it seems plausible to infer that the crystallization of apo-form SBPs is problematic, since relatively few apo-SBP structures are present in the PDB compared with the numerous holo-SBP structures available.
Taking this data literally (which is problematic given the challenge of measuring expenditures on prevention), it is tempting to infer that these spending levels reflect a sub-optimal level of prevention, from a social welfare perspective [ 10].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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