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The provision is meant for circumstances where fraud is sufficiently problematic — for instance if a campaign or a public official is aware of it — to cast a general "taint" on the integrity of the results.
Other motives are more obviously problematic, for instance using refereeing as a way of blocking the dissemination of ideas opposed to one's own, or currying favor with editors who will be making decisions about one's own papers in the future.
"History presents plenty of examples of innovation trajectories that later proved to be problematic — for instance involving asbestos, benzene, thalidomide, dioxins, lead in petrol, tobacco, many pesticides, mercury, chlorine and endocrine-disrupting compounds...".. it says.
This is problematic, for instance, when some outcomes show benefits and others show dis-benefits, and it becomes necessary to ask about the relative value of these outcomes.
However, the dichotic listening task has some features making inference about the neurophysiological attentional mechanisms problematic, for instance, because of interaction between left and right side of the brain during binaural vs. monaural listening (see, e.g., [26]).
Utilizing annotation data directly to determine local synteny is problematic, for instance, near members of very large recently duplicated gene families.
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However, investments in formal education are also problematic as, for instance, young men who attend school are unable to look after livestock at the same time.
It can be argued that the lack of a more sophisticated case-mix measure for dental care is not that problematic, compared for instance with specialized hospital care, as the variation of resource use and the complexity of care across patient cases is not significant.
Particularly problematic for LCD TVs, for instance, is light pollution.
However, the use of buccal DNA for more demanding, large-scale genetic applications can be problematic [5], [6]: for instance, DNA that is of poor quality due to degradation can lead to incorrect or missing genotype calls, discordant results in samples subjected to whole genome amplification, and difficulties in using the samples in DNA-pooling experiments [7], [8].
The new language removes any mention of classifying problematic studies or results, for instance, instead clarifying that HHS will support only research that can be shared publicly.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com