Cunningham said: "The big issue with stop and search, the issue of disproportionality, it has been around for many years.
I've heard lots of arguments for why affirmative action should cease, but few that address the big issue of disproportionality.
But the case of Ali Dezaei highlighted the disparity of treatment between black and white officers in the disciplinary process, and appeared to provide a prima facie case of disproportionality and institutional racism.
But the spokeswoman added: "The Commissioner has recognised that there remains a risk that the MPS is still institutionally racist in some of what it does because there remain elements of disproportionality, despite significant progress over many years".
There are a variety of disproportionality measures (DPMs) used in safety signalling.
However, some degree of disproportionality may arise from the limits of technical precision.
Improving the performance of disproportionality analysis methods by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio would thus be important.
For reference, when considered in isolation, the predictive performance of disproportionality analysis extended for subgroup discovery as described in Sect.
38 41 Both methods are based on a quantitative measure of disproportionality which compares the observed with the expected reports of a certain outcome exposure combination.
Typically, methods for the analysis of SRS data rely on the statistical investigation of disproportionality (DP) [ 14 ], or are based on multivariate modeling [ 3, 4 ].
