Incidental deviations are most probably caused by problems in determination of the true magnetic equator, which is shown by using different magnetic field models.
The practical effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated on a test problem consisting in determination of the concentrations of components of trinary oil mixtures.
The latter is a particular problem in the determination of the enzyme activity in biological samples.
Specificity is a particular problem in the determination of fluorescent drugs.
It is interesting to note that the biggest problem in geoid determination is also encountered in the mountainous areas.
The studies described above revealed the existence of a complex multi-peak-search problem in thickness determination.
In view of the complex multi-peak-search problem in thickness determination and the shortcoming of standard PSO, a modified PSO algorithm is applied to determine the thickness of the liquid layer.
Another problem in acetaldehyde determination is its binding to haemoglobin and the consequently lower recovery.
A major problem in the determination of low or trace content of PAHs in the products mentioned above is the complexity of matrix containing many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons substituted with aliphatic or alicyclic groups (polycyclic aromatics, PCA).
