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Plastic cutlery is a contributor to this enormous problem – estimates suggest the US alone uses 40bn plastic utensils a year – but the founder of Indian cutlery company Bakeys thinks he might have a solution.
For an unbiased parameter estimation problem, the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CLRB) is a theoretical lower bound on the variance of the problem estimates.
The test addressing so-called file drawer problem estimates the number of unpublished studies required to refute significant meta-analytic means.
Some facts mentioned in this Forward Programme in 2004 (http://www.who.int/patientsafety/worldalliance/en/) illustrate the problem: Estimates show that in developed countries as many as 1 in 10 patients is harmed while receiving hospital care.
To address this well-known problem, estimates of study efforts are usually introduced in parasitological studies [ 6, 43].
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major world health problem; estimates indicate that there are over 400 000 new cases diagnosed each year (Cancer Research UK, 2010).
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Kerry called for blunter language to describe the problem estimated to face 20 million people worldwide.
Employee theft and fraud is a big problem, estimated at up to $200 billion a year across the economy.
The majority of research to date has focused on describing the problem – estimating rates of carbon losses and greenhouse gas emissions from natural and managed ecosystems.
Solve the direct problem, estimate the different scenarios of actions.
The UN says it is a growing problem, estimating that around $120m £77mm; 98m euros) in ransom payments was paid to terrorist groups between 2004 and 2012.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com