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The upper level problem aims to minimize both the total system travel time (TSTT) and the cost of total vehicle emissions (CTVE) from the viewpoint of traffic managers, and the lower level problem depicts travelers' route choice behavior based on stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) theory.
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In the wake of the attack of Dec. 7, 1941, America knew who the villain was and had no problem depicting and demonizing its enemies.
A widely discussed painting by the Finnish artist Akseli Gallen-Kallela, "The Problem," depicted Sibelius drinking with friends, his eyes rolled back in his head.
Equation (16) provides a solution to the bargain problem depicted in expression (9).
For practical consideration, the problem depicted in Table 2 needs to be solved in a distributed way to achieve optimal cooperative bandwidth sharing.
The paradigm problem depicted in Figure 2(a) and (b) is one dimensional, i.e., the material in our domain (and all applied conditions) are constant to infinity in the vertical direction; while Figure 2(c) depicts a two dimensional problem with boundary conditions to be discussed in the sequel.
For all the classifiers considered, we tested using a leave-one-out cross validation scheme, as illustrated schematically for a 2-class case in Figure 9. Figure 9 Illustration of the leave-one-out cross-validation approach for the 2-class problem, depicted as green versus blue.
We consider the discrete-time baseband equivalent 2×2 channel shortening equalization problem depicted in Figure 1, where the number of transmitters (M T ) and receivers (M R ) is assumed equal, so that the number of antennas (M) is M=M T =M R =2.
FACT: America's mistake in Afghanistan was not "the endgame" problem depicted by "Charlie Wilson's War".
Respondent capacity to recognise the problem depicted in the vignette as depression was evaluated [ 21].
Following the presentation of the vignette, respondents were asked whether the problem depicted in the vignette represented in their eyes 'a mental illness in the medical sense' or not.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com