So, allowing probable migraines to be a justification for the patient taking a "migraine day", also serves to include less developed attacks without relying on a migraine-specific treatment response [25].
The justification for keeping probable cause hearings out of immigration court rests on the fact that immigration infractions violate civil rather than criminal law.
On this traditional approach, we are invited to think of justification as measured by how probable the belief is given the reasons or evidence you have.
More than 163 pages, the feds detail a pattern of making arrests without probable cause, stopping and arresting black residents without justification and using excessive force.
The concept of reasonable suspicion as justification for a stop and frisk, as opposed to the probable cause that the police need for a formal search, comes from a 1968 Supreme Court decision, Terry v. Ohio, which permitted police officers who observe suspicious behavior to conduct, for their own protection, a limited pat-down search for weapons.
Knowledge in this sense may be highly probable but not certain; and faith e.g., belief on reliable testimony may provide appropriate justification).
For example, following Chisholm (1989: 16), it might be proposed justification for a belief might come in the following grades: (1) probable, (2) epistemically in the clear, (3) beyond reasonable doubt, (4) evident, (5) obvious, and (6) certain.
"Pre-emptive" military strikes must meet a high standard of justification: the attack being pre-empted must be imminent, not merely conjectured or probable in the long run.
If one infers the existence of the probabilistic connections from the truth of some other different proposition F, then one not only needs justification for believing F, but, one needs justification for believing that F does indeed make probable that the probabilistic connection holds!
Accordingly the most pressing criticism of Plantinga's recent position is that it largely ignores the question of justification, or reasonableness which, as Swinburne explicates it (Swinburne 2001) amounts to whether the religious beliefs are probable relative to total evidence.
