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In this algorithm, non-improvement movements are accepted with a certain probability to avoid trapping in a local optimum.
Since the probability of avoiding collisions from the i collision-set-n is (1−p n ) i, the probability to avoid collisions from all the collision-set-n can be calculated as Pr(no collision from collision-set n ) = ∑ i = 0 N − 1 n Pr ( X = i ) · ( 1 − p n ) 1. (31).
The value 10-20 is also a pseudo probability to avoid zero probability for decoding the HMM later.
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It is preferred over product of probabilities to avoid underflow.
We present the results of logistic regression and multinomial regression models as predicted probabilities to avoid the complexity in interpretations of interaction term in the regression models.
Because of the great difference in the baseline characteristics between the control group and the stroke group, we calculated propensity scores predicting conditional probabilities to avoid selection bias.
When a concordance analysis is used for all polymorphisms in a QTL region, it is necessary to set a very low probability of concordance by chance to avoid type 1 errors.
Incorporating all those statistical moments, a maximum entropy method is used to approximate its probability distribution to avoid the pitfall encountered in Edgeworth expansions, which is a popular tool to approximate a probability distribution.
As we said, the distance is only defined on a subset of the whole space of probability measures, to avoid infinite values.
In the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF), the binary exponential backoff algorithm selects a random backoff number from a uniform probability distribution to avoid the problem of packet collision.
Because the dependent variable is a non-continuous dummy variable (equal to 1 if the respondent is employed/in the labor market), I will estimate Eq. (2) using a linear probability model to avoid the concerns raised by Ai and Norton (2003) regarding the reliability of difference-in-differences estimates with probit estimation.
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