Looking backward in time, the clones either had a constant per generation probability P' of being founded by a single ancestor derived from a sexual progenitor (neutral model), or this probability raised per generation at rate [1 - (1 - f') a'], where a' denotes the age of clonal lineage and f' is the rate of fitness loss (the decay model).
The finding that ΔF508 CFTR channels, rescued by a low temperature at the surface of Xenopus oocytes or mammalian cells, exhibit thermally induced decreases in open probability raised the question of whether the thermal instability of ΔF508 CFTR channel function is directly related to the well-established temperature sensitivity of ΔF508 CFTR trafficking.
(According to Goodman, although 'accidental generalizations' such as 'All the coins in my pockets are nickels' can have their probabilities raised by observations, they cannot be confirmed by them, in the way that 'law-like generalizations' can be).
The recognition of periods of variable event probabilities raises questions about the appropriate length of natural record to use for assessments of future risk.
Furthermore, as SCR increases, the detection probability is raised accordingly for both the Swerling I and III models.
But for high external field ( (V_{text{b}} times b/w) > (N times V_{0} - 2E) ), the transmission probability is raised by increasing the bias voltage.
After verification against the Nottingham screening results, these probabilities were raised so that the predicted number of deaths were more in line with those observed in the Nottingham trial.
With increasing frequency, I am being asked after evaluating a student with a disability whether the student is eligible for extra time or other accommodations that increase the probability of raising the student's Connecticut Mastery Test score.
The third response is to consider intrinsic structure (Lewis 1986a, Menzies 1996, Hall 2004) This approach looks to the intrinsic structure of the preempting process to try to find some sense in which the preempting process — even if it does not itself involve probability-raising — is at least intrinsically right for probability-raising.
"Together, what they did for the accounting profession is lower the probability of discovery, raise the probability of not being named a defendant, and increase the probability of the case being dismissed on a pretrial motion," he said.
So it seems that probability-raising is not necessary for causation.
