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MEM principle means that the application of the new system cannot increase the probability of casualties.
For example, the average number of people on the summit per month is an important parameter in determining the probability of casualties on Ruapehu.
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An alternate quantity is introduced, called "probability of casualty", or Pc.
This study uses econometric models to measure the effect of significant wave height and wind strength on the probability of casualty and tests whether these effects changed.
The results show that although there is a seasonal pattern in the probability of casualty especially during the winter months, the effect of wind strength and significant wave height do not follow the same seasonal pattern.
It also singles out "three high-risk incidents which," in its view, "carried a high probability of causing casualties or a direct military confrontation".
"They're looking for soft targets with a high probability of mass casualties... even a locked door can be a deterrent".
The probability of civilian casualties goes up in the absence of experienced soldiers on the ground calling in the strikes, something which is a function of the special operations forces McChrystal has served with throughout his career.
Using the tariff values for each accident and emergency/in-patient HRG combinations and the probability of a casualty falling into each combination calculated from the 'before' clinical data, estimates can be made of the effect of the mobile cameras on the cost of treatment saved as a result of the casualties that were prevented.
These observed frequencies from the 'before' data can then be used to estimate the probability of a casualty, which did not occur in the 'after' period, falling into a particular HRG combination and hence the cost of the treatment that had been prevented.
The use of drones raises its own moral questions, of course, but these are essentially the same questions raised by any use of aerial bombing, or for that matter any use of military force that entails a high probability of inflicting civilian casualties.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com