Sentence examples for probability of advantageous from inspiring English sources

In our simulations, the strongest fitness gain (clonal expansions) over time based on sole action of mutations was possible under a zero to minute (1%) positive tail of the mutation DFE, consistent with the idea that stem cells reside at a local fitness peak (low probability of advantageous mutations), at least in young healthy individuals [ 34].

In Fig. 6, we investigated the effects of the magnitudes of positive a and negative d selection (top), and the effects of the probabilities of advantageous p a and deleterious p d mutations (bottom) on the distribution of ISs and the mean cell fitness at the end of simulations where the ISs did not go extinct.

These models can break down if the population is far from a fitness optimum due to mutation selection balance, where the preponderance of deleterious mutations is balanced by the greater fixation probabilities of advantageous mutations (Hartl et al. 1985; Cherry 1998; Wylie and Shakhnovich 2011; Charlesworth 2013).

We show by deriving a variance, a coalescent and a harmonic mean population effective size, and with simulations that these landscape dynamics generate repetitive founder effects which counteract selection, thereby decreasing the fixation probability of an advantageous mutant but accelerate fixation when it occurs.

Fisher's geometric models of adaptation predicts that small phenotypic changes should have a higher probability of being advantageous (Fisher 1939) (but see [ Kimura 1983; Orr 2002]).

Measures of learning performance were assessed by calculating the percentages of choices that matched the "better" cue (i.e., had the higher probability of an advantageous outcome; Knutson et al., 2011; Samanez-Larkin et al., 2012).

This is because the fixation probability of a new advantageous mutation is proportional to Ne s/ N, where N is the census population size, if N e s ≫ 1 and s is small (Kimura 1983), and the rate at which new advantageous mutations occur is Nu; hence, the rate of adaptive evolution is expected to be proportional to Nu × Ne s/ N = uNe s.

Moreover, we show the optimal number of stem cells in a tissue, and we show that number has to be small enough to reduce the probability of the appearance of advantageous malignant cells, and large enough to assure that the population will not be suppressed by stochastic fluctuations.

Consequently, such Drosophila populations will carry low mutation loads, which must increase the probability of both the appearance of advantageous recessive phenotypes, and fixation of chromosomal rearrangements.

More recently however, it has been shown that when adaptation occurs from standing genetic variation or from alleles at mutation selection balance, allelic dominance has little effect on the probability of fixation of the advantageous allele (Orr and Betancourt 2001; Hermisson and Pennings 2005).

However, because of drift, even slightly deleterious mutations can become fixed, but at a probability of less than 1/2 N. Advantageous mutations have higher fixation probabilities than neutral mutations.