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The probability of observing no positive samples out of the total number of samples collected was calculated using FreeCalc v2; an epidemiological probability calculator demonstrating freedom from disease [59].
For Poisson regression models, we calculated p-values for the t-values calculated by S-PLUS by using an online probability calculator (J. Pezzullo; http://davidmlane.com/hyperstat/t-table.html).html
A probability calculator shows that if the markets accurately gave each of those races about a 60% chance of going to the Democrat, then the odds that all three would go Democratic were only 22% (0.6 to the third power).
According to the win probability calculator at AdvancedNFLStats.com, an N.F.L. team down by field goal with 10 minutes left to play in the fourth quarter has a 34 percent probability of winning the game.
The prediction models are available as an online probability calculator (http://rcc.simpal.com/NpfpV5; web appendix fig A2).
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Even though this assumption may have been necessary to simplify the probability calculations in the early 1900s, today's calculators have made this assumption reasonably gratuitous.
On the basis of these individual CVD risk factors, the 10-year CVD event probability was calculated using the latest (2006) version of the Joint British Societies' risk calculator [ 69].
The polymorphism information content was calculated using PIC Calculator software (Kemp, 2002), and the probability of null alleles was estimated using MICRO-CHECKER software (van Oosterhout et al., 2004), with significant probabilities between two and six loci observed for the three species evaluated (Table 2).
This sample size calculation was based on a t test using the Harvard Biostatistics Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Power and Sample Size Calculator, providing 80% probability that the study will detect a treatment difference at a two-sided 0.05 significance level with a minimum important difference of two units on the PG-SGA, assuming the SD is 7.
A hypergeometric probability for contingency tables is calculated using an estimation [ 28], allowing for a more efficient calculator than the direct representation of the Fisher's exact test.
(The Framingham risk calculator is derived from probabilities gleaned from following more than 10,000 subjects in Framingham, Mass., in the Framingham Heart Study, which started in 1948).
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