Standardized, concurrent, proactive question probes were used as documented in Additional file 1: Appendix.
An advantage of the recent probes task is the ability to investigate the temporal dynamics of interference control to determine whether they result in early (delay-related, proactive) or late (probe-related, reactive) activation patterns.
The current research specifically tests this idea in a within-subject design using fMRI to assess the activation associated with variable selection requirements in a semantic retrieval task (verb generation) and a verbal working memory task with a trial-specific proactive interference manipulation (recent-probes).
Organisations that do not engage in pre-emptive probing are generally not proactive and are thus more prone to crises (1).
In contrast, when interference expectancy was high, bilateral prefrontal cortex activation was more indicative of proactive control mechanisms (interference-related effects prior to the probe period).
In the liquid condition, the identical regions instead showed a shift in transient activation from a reactive control pattern (primary probe-based activation) during no-incentive trials to proactive control (primary cue-based activation) during rewarded trials.
More importantly, we also found patterns of proactive control activity (i.e., changes in activation during the pre-probe delay period resulting from interference expectancy) in several regions previously implicated in WM.
If AX-CPT performance is completely driven by top-down, proactive control, BX interference should be almost absent, given the predictive power of the nontarget probe.
Indeed, it is important to note that several lateral PFC regions demonstrated increased activation following recent negative probes during the LE condition, but there was a shift in lateral PFC toward more proactive mechanisms during the HE condition.
The degree of mandatory probing in hospitals was less encouraging and all other types of health organisations claimed a significantly disappointing degree of proactive behaviour.
