This shift from reactive control during no-incentive trials to proactive control during incentive trials was observed in conjunction with behavioral improvement in incentive trials.
Specifically in this task, the observed shift from reactive control during no-incentive trials to proactive control during incentive trials likely reflects a change in mnemonic strategies to enhance performance.
The results from the reward session closely replicated those of previous studies in indicating that incentive enhanced proactive control, relative to baseline (Chiew & Braver, 2013; Jimura et al., 2010; Locke & Braver, 2008; Padmala & Pessoa, 2011).
In this investigation, we aimed not only to replicate previous findings that reward incentives increased proactive control (Chiew & Braver, 2013), but most importantly, to directly compare effects of positive emotion and reward incentive on cognitive control.
Meanwhile, the banks themselves are doing their best to attract the proactive customer by offering incentives to switch - with a bit of a frenzy of offers introduced in January.
The fund offers economic incentives for proactive polluting companies who want to reduce their pollution.
Findings from neuroimaging studies in humans provide additional support for this account, indicating that motivational incentives enhance proactive control and brain activity in the PFC and reward-related regions (Locke & Braver, 2008; Padmala & Pessoa, 2011; Pochon et al., 2002).
The world's largest Catholic country, Brazil now has even Pope Francis' encyclical on climate change as an incentive to be proactive.
Therefore, the conditions under which controlled retrieval is engaged seem more reactive (reacting to the failure to automatically retrieve goal-relevant information) than proactive (anticipating demand or motivational incentive for controlled retrieval) in nature.
In the meantime, much more could be done to ensure that both national coastguards and commercial vessels have both the capability and incentives to be proactive when it comes to saving the lives of some of the world's most vulnerable people.
