These groups operate in an emerging field of development economics that prizes rigorous experimentation over theory.
Visual display was prized.
Seeking to reward innovation and experimentation, this prize is a good and timely thing – but it's unfortunate that it's limited to fiction.
He said the Mercury's treatment of the genre reflected a wider difficulty in dealing with a music that is governed by convention, rather than the experimentation the prize has always valued – "but I don't think that's just a Mercury issue".
Harriet A. Washington, a medical ethicist and the author of "Medical Apartheid," a prize-winning history of experimentation on African-Americans, told me, "Often, when people give a rationale for this kind of research they talk about the fact that these people are urgently ill, need immediate intervention, and that better solutions are needed".
Harriet Washington won the nonfiction prize for "Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present" (Doubleday), and Alex Ross won for criticism with "The Rest is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century (Farrar, Straus and Giroux).
He concluded there was no evidence of unethical human experimentation, but the letter was so offensive that the prize should be renamed.
Difficulty and experimentation also thrived on the short list of the newly established Goldsmiths Prize, which rewarded British and Irish fiction that "breaks the mould".
Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Krugman has gone even a step further, calling austerity "an unethical experimentation on human beings," in February.
Inspired by the French Directory's offer of a prize for a way to conserve food for transport, Appert began a 14-year period of experimentation in 1795.
