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Different from some water privatization forerunner countries (e.g., England and Wales, Philippines), which enacted specific laws before entering into privatization, the marketization reform of and private participation in the Chinese water sector is conducted under various governmental policy papers, but without specialized legislation.
Private participation in the development program was encouraged.
Private participation in healthcare is associated with higher (not lower) expenditure.
Private Participation in Infrastructure (PPI) Annual Report: 2017 (The World Bank, 2017).
By the 1980s moves had already been made to increase private participation in some companies.
This dissertation focuses on dealing with the low procurement efficiency in the context of private participation in infrastructure procurement.
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This important instrument of public-private participation also established annual plans of action (for the years 2004 and 2005), which have been achieved satisfactorily.
Overall the results clearly imply that strengthening patient support mechanisms and increasing public-private participation may be an effective global approach towards diminishing the burden of HIV infection worldwide.
We also find a strong positive association between private sector participation and equity measures – private sector participation is positively associated with reduced urban-rural and rich-poor disparities in access to health care facilities for births and treatment of ARI.
For these analyses, we divide our sample of countries into two roughly equal groups – those with "high" private sector participation and those with "low" private sector participation.
As a public hospital, Hospital JT is mandated to participate in the UC scheme whereas private hospital participation is voluntary.
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