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However, this negative effect is caused by human capital accumulation prior to primary school entry.
These were administered prior to primary school enrolment to measure the pre-school cognitive skills (see Section 3 for details).
Kinetic analyses of Cu clustering prior to primary crystallization have shown that the number density of Cu clusters becomes highest at the crystallization stage of α-Fe primary crystals in the alloy containing an optimized amount of Cu.
Although we have witnessed an expansion of early childhood education prior to primary school worldwide (UNESCO 2006), research results on the long-term effects of early childhood education programs are somewhat ambiguous (Duncan and Magnusson 2013).
In a proof-of-concept phase II trial, the administration of cyclosporine prior to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) has been associated with a reduction of infarct size in STEMI patients.
As discussed in Section 3.3, pre-school cognitive skills may measure accrued parental investment in child development prior to primary school, so use of the value-added model also helps isolate effects of such investment on the gender test score gap observed during primary and early secondary school years.13.13
The marginal gender test score gap after students entered primary schools is then examined by including the student's initial stock of academic ability as indicated by scores on WAI and PPVT tests (E0Ki), which are administered prior to primary school entry, using the following "value-added" model: {Y}_i=alpha +beta {mathrm{Male}}_i+{X}_igamma +{E}_{0 Ki}theta +{varepsilon}_i (3).
Initial epicardial coronary flow, as assessed by the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction flow grade (TFG), prior to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been associated with short- and long-term mortality in randomized clinical trials.
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Immediately after spawning, three female D. rerio were each sampled prior to the primary immunization and every 7 days post the primary immunization.
Blood samples were collected prior to the primary injection (week 0), at 28 days (week 4), prior to revaccination (40 weeks after primary vaccination), 7 days following revaccination (week 41), and 28 days following revaccination (week 44).
The parties are forbidden to endorse any candidate prior to the primary, but unofficial organizations do so and are often better funded and organized than the party structure.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com