In monkeys, 83% of area 5 neurons increased their firing during the posturing of the fingers prior to object grasp [56].
In particular, strong expectations of a certain stimulus may involve a form of hypothesis testing that compares characteristics of the incoming signal to stored representations even prior to object identification [4].
As our task requires careful planning of both digit forces and positions prior to object manipulation, one can argue that it allows subjects to use many, equally valid strategies to counteract the external moment generated by the added mass.
There Freud writes that identification is "the earliest expression of an emotional tie with another person" (Freud 1968 [1923], 37), i.e., it is prior to object-cathexes or relations of desire.
In the terminology of the Schools, that criticism can be put this way: Plato wrongly believed that universals existed ante res (prior to objects); the correct view is that universals exist in rebus (in objects).
However, since most OSRists are decidedly against Platonism, it is not altogether clear how symmetry structures could be ontologically prior to objects if they only exist in concrete realizations, namely in those objects that exhibit these symmetries.
However, assessment of peak vertical object velocity prior to peak object roll showed no between-group difference (controls: 0.34±0.02 m/s and 0.31±0.02 m/s and PD: 0.34±0.02 m/s and 0.35±0.02 m/s, p>0.05).
The temporal variables of (a) reach duration, (b) contact duration, (c) pre-lift duration, (d) time to peak object roll, (e) peak object vertical velocity during lift, (f) peak object vertical velocity prior to peak object roll, and (g) lift duration were also explored with between-group repeated measures ANOVAs to assess any grasp timing differences between groups.
Other relevant data come from the initial exploration of novel (sample) objects in an open field arena prior to subsequent object recognition performance.
To do this, we contrasted activity for movement planning and execution (collapsed over hand, tool, grasp and touch) vs the simple visual response to object presentation, prior to instruction: (Plan & Execute > Preview)—(Plan [Hand-G + Hand-R + Tool-G + Tool-R] + Execute [Hand-G + Hand-R + Tool-G+ Tool-R] >2*Preview [Hand-G + Hand-R + Tool-G + Tool-R]).
The KI method can be seen as adding a special prior to the object pairs, which assigns a probability of 1 to the most similar pairs of each object and 0 to the most dissimilar pairs.
