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Thus, other forms of prior adaptation facilitate invasion when traits that are adaptive in the native range are, essentially by chance, adaptive in the introduced range as well.
Although not widely used for the study of influenza A viruses, the cotton rat model supports the replication of human influenza viruses without prior adaptation and is suitable for the study of both innate and adaptive immune responses (Eichelberger, 2007; Sadowski et al., 1987).
Since our quail- and chicken-adapted viruses that contained E627 in PB2 replicated efficiently in mice without prior adaptation, we were interested in determining whether such infection could result in the rapid selection of viral progeny carrying the E627K mutation.
The present study demonstrates that prior adaptation to visual apparent motion paired with two alternating and indiscriminable complex tones results in illusory apparent motion of a static visual stimulus, where the perceived direction depends on the order in which the sounds are replayed.
Prior adaptation to the original mammograms significantly biased judgments of image focus relative to the sharpened images, demonstrating that the images are sufficient to induce substantial after-effects.
In the final condition, we examined whether prior adaptation to the amplitude spectra of the images could influence search times for detecting tumor-like targets presented within the images.
No prior adaptation in reduced serum concentrations was required for serum free cultures.
However, they were highly lethal to mice with mortality rates as high as 100% (14/14) without prior adaptation.
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Thus, both parties must have prior adaptations that already facilitate the exchange of information.
In the DVD extras for the first season of "Sherlock," we learn that creators Moffatt and Gattis consider the best prior adaptations of Conan Doyle to be the Hollywood movies starring Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce.
We propose that contemporary adaptation to human-altered environments within the native range is a central means by which prior adaptations to invasion evolve.
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