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Thus moral philosophers distinguish between the principles of duty and that of utility even when there is no difference in the actions one has to perform, and philosophers of mind distinguish between the human being and the person, even if a person and a human being are in another important sense not two different things.
Linked with these meta-ethical controversies is the dilemma of understanding the ethical life either as the "ancients" do, in terms of virtues and vices of character, or as the "moderns" do, primarily in terms of principles of duty or natural law.
While even so law-oriented a thinker as Hobbes has a good deal to say about virtue, the ethical writers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries predominantly favor a rule- or law-governed understanding of morals, giving priority to laws of nature or principles of duty.
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Finally, the principle of duty enjoys motivational primacy.
The first principle Reid calls the principle with "regard to our good on the whole," the second the "principle of duty".
The locution "the principle of duty," in Reid's mouth, is probably best understood to be a shorthand way of referring to one or another of these principles which can govern practical deliberation.
Whilst the principle of duty and that of utility may be jointly instantiated in an action, no object can be both blue and red all over, both a cow and a goat.
The distinction between dutiful and expedient actions is not an empirical classification since actions which conform to the principle of utility could also be instances of the principle of duty, and moral philosophers would want to distinguish between such principles even in circumstances where prioritising one principle over the other would make no difference to the action one has to perform.
I have mentioned the Opinion of the Officers and these hints to Congress upon this Subject; from a principle of duty and because cause I am well assured, it is most foreign to their wishes or intention to excite by any act, the smallest uneasiness and jealousy among the Troops".(1).
The use of the word "representatives" in § 302(c)(5)(B) in no way suggests that Congress did not intend to incorporate the equitable principles of fiduciary duty.
While raising his children and grandchildren, he sought to instill in us the principles of courage, duty, and integrity -- those values that defined his service.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com