The students apparently applied to the rest of the course topics those biological principles, reasoning patterns, and ways of thinking and learning they had developed while learning "their own" topic.
Second, authors used or adduced logical principles of reasoning such as the principle of non-contradiction, the principle of excluded middle and the principle of double negation.
More specifically, the critique of reason uncovers a basic principle of reasoning: we should rely only on those principles that other rational agents can share.
This relates to the principle of reasoning by analogy as used in textual case-based reasoning [ 10].
The more sober view finds a role for a science beyond natural philosophy and mathematics, but it will deal with things those particular sciences leave unattended, e.g. defense of the first principle of reasoning.
The moral law is a principle of reasoning that binds all rational agents, not a decree of any one rational agent (Korsgaard 1996a, 36, 234 236; Korsgaard 2008, 207 229; Reath 2006, 112 113, 92 170).
To see the problem posed by the analysis of propositional attitude reports, consider what appears to be a simple principle of reasoning, namely, the Principle of Identity Substitution (this is not to be confused with the Rule of Substitution discussed earlier).
Though correct in principle, this reasoning was not supported by solid evidence derived from trials specifically conducted in people with diabetes (7– 13).
In the case of the ratio decidendi, the precedent set is the principle or reasoning that has been established in a single case that serves as an example or rule to be followed in subsequent cases.
Kant argues, for example, that our commitment to acting for reasons is a commitment to accepting certain principles of reasoning as constraints on what we have reason to do.
