Discussions and readings will cover theoretical principles, methodological approaches, and the intersection of these three topics.
The demand for justification of such principles can be understood in two importantly distinct ways, corresponding to the distinction between epistemic principles and methodological principles made at the end of Section 1. Justifying an epistemic principle requires answering an epistemic question: why are parsimonious theories more likely to be true?
The principle is methodological, not ontological.
(7) A principle of methodological empiricism in interpretation: interpretation must always be based on, and kept strictly faithful to, exact observations of relevant linguistic (and other) evidence.
At a meta-level, Longino has argued the case for a governing principle of "methodological provisionalism": feminists should be prepared to revise any of their norms in light of what they learn from practice (1994, 483).
The book's organizing principle and methodological orientation are that species of intellectual history that foregrounds an author's biographical and institutional circumstances as the essential analytical keys to the ideas found on the page.
The principle of "methodological individualism", which holds that social scientists should seek to understand collectivities (such as nations, cultures, governments, churches, corporations, etc).
In principle, this methodological framework can readily accommodate more complicated disease dynamics such as immigration, latent infected states, missing data, and vector-communicated diseases, as well as more complicated intervention strategies that allow combined vaccination and quarantine.
Second, studies arguing for the generalizability of Ostrom's institutional design principles have methodological issues and more rigorous studies are needed.
Darwinism identifies a core set of concepts, principles and methodological maxims that were first articulated and defended by Charles Darwin and which continue to be identified with a certain approach to evolutionary questions.[1] We will thus need to begin with Darwin's Darwinism as articulated in On the Origin of Species in 1859.
