To answer this question, the strong programme recommended an inductive and empirical approach, guided by four methodological principles: Causality: examine the conditions (psychological, social, and cultural) that bring about claims to a certain kind of knowledge.
But this departure from a basic tenet of Kant's thought was compounded by the fact that Helmholtz' account of the knowledge of the location of objects in space is thoroughly empiricist, and also rests on the principle of causality, understood as a causal realist would.
Indeed, as far as particular causal laws are concerned, the Second Analogy is in basic agreement with Hume: they (as synthetic a posteriori) are established by induction and by induction alone.[8] It is indeed crucially important to distinguish between the general principle of causality Kant establishes in the Second Analogy and particular causal laws.
Even that law might, said Quine, be revisable as a means of simplifying quantum mechanics, and so might the principle of causality.
For example, Immanuel Kant tried to prove the principle of causality by showing that it is a necessary condition of the possibility of making empirically verifiable statements in natural science.
Once one tries to act freely in a phenomenal world dominated by the principle of causality, or to act morally in a world in which human action is always motivated by interests, "rational" or "free" outcomes cannot be guaranteed.
Einstein's extreme reluctance to sacrifice the principle of causality as Planck's Quantum Theory demanded is well known; his main objection was of course that with it all lawfulness was about to depart from the universe, that it was as though God ruled the world by "playing dice".
A defender of the principle of causality, Buridan asserted a modified version of traditional moral determinism, declaring that men must will what presents itself as the greater good but that the will is free to delay the reason's judgment by suggesting a more thorough inquiry into the value of motives.
On the first alternative the principle of causality is re-established while the second alternative is unintelligible.
In particular, Zawirski argued that the unpredictability of the future (Heisenberg) does not entail that the principle of causality fails.
