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Here, ϕ u,i denotes the principle angle between the one-dimensional subspaces defined by h ~ u, i and Q u,i, respectively, which can be obtained from the relationship q u, i H h ~ u, i = e j β u, i cos ϕ u, i, β u, i ∈ ℝ. (41).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com