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As the Smad pathway principally regulates gene expression, it was originally thought that non-Smad effectors mediate the rapid or direct effects of TGF- β on the actin cytoskeleton.
Repaglinide is a rapidly absorbed, short-acting insulin secretagogue targeting postprandial glucose excursions; metformin is an insulin sensitizer with a longer duration of action that principally regulates basal glucose levels.
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It may be that TbUGP and metabolic flux into the UDP-hexose pathways, like the non-allosteric regulation of glycolysis (Haanstra et al. 2008), is principally regulated by glycosomal compartmentation in T. brucei.
The function of NOX1/NOX2 is principally regulated through multi-site phosphorylation of the p47phox subunit of the complex by PKC isoforms, including the atypical PKCζ27, 28.
Homeostatic levels of peripheral blood neutrophils increase during bacterial infections and other forms of stress, and this rise is principally regulated through their dynamic release from the bone marrow to the circulation [15].
The protein stability and transcriptional activity of Nrf2 is principally regulated by a BTB-Kelch protein, Keap1 that functions as a substrate adaptor for a cullin (Cul 3-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase Cul 3-dependent2].
Phase progression is principally regulated by Cyclins, Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and CDK inhibitors (CKIs) [2].
CWA is principally regulated by the pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family.
However, the leaf area is principally regulated by the availability of water [ 46].
It is well known that cellular responses to TLR3 activation are principally regulated by NF- κB signal pathway.
In contrast, group II included genes with similar expression for sucrose or sucrose-atrazine treatment (clusters B, C and J), thus corresponding to genes principally regulated by sucrose.
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