In an evolutionary context, it appears that primordial cell types getting along with relative small organelles may have organised distinct biochemical identities of them exclusively by means of a budding machinery enabling selective enrichment of membrane proteins in released vesicles.
Our central aim herein was to address whether noisy perturbations of the logical rules in A. thaliana GRN are sufficient to recover the observed sequences of transitions among attractors (i.e., gene activity configurations characteristic of the primordial cell types within the floral meristem) during the development of this particular biological system.
By analogy, dedifferentiation of cancer cells may be caused by the loss of one or more critical genes that are key in inducing the differentiation of a primordial cell type to yield the ovarian surface epithelial cells.
How do antler malformation, cryptorchidism, induction of abnormalities in all four primordial testicular cell types, and lack of hypospadias tie together?
A majority of SBTD on the AP manifest bilateral cryptorchidism, abnormalities in all four primordial testicular cell types, and antler malformation.
In zebrafish, for example, the chemokine receptor CXCR4b regulates migration of various cell types, including primordial germ cells (David et al. 2002; Doitsidou et al. 2002; Knaut et al. 2003), whereas CXCR4a has been shown to mediate endodermal migration (Nair & Schilling 2008).
It also has the patent rights to a similar type of primordial cell isolated by Dr. John Gearhart of Johns Hopkins University, also with Geron financing.
KIT is expressed in several cell types where it regulates primordial germ cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis during foetal gonad development (Mauduit et al, 1999).
The reprogrammed cells were termed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and are similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in their morphology, proliferation, surface antigens, gene expression and capacity to differentiate into the cell types of the three primordial germ layers.
Whereas certain cell types, such as zebrafish primordial germ cells (PGCs) exclusively utilize blebs during migration [ 5 ], other cells, such as fish keratocytes, migrate using actin-driven lamellipodia only [ 6].
The C. elegans pharynx (foregut) is an organ derived from 95 primordial cells that differentiate into seven distinct cell types (arcade, epithelial, muscle, gland, marginal, valve, and neural) (Albertson and Thomson 1976; Mango 2007, 2009).
