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Orchids as a group use nectar as the major attractant, whereas pollen, sought by pollinators among more primitive plant families as a protein-rich food, has been withdrawn.
They radiated rapidly and supplanted many of the primitive plant groups to become the dominant form of vegetation by the end of the Mesozoic.
They not only retain many primitive plant and animal species but also are communities that exhibit unparalleled biodiversity and a great variety of ecological interactions.
Everything that has come after that formative explosion has been a variation on the theme of finding and using that energy, whether the entity doing the finding is a coal-mining company or a primitive plant.
Osborn proposed the valuable concept of adaptive radiation, postulating that a primitive plant or animal in many cases evolves into several species by scattering over a large land area and adapting to different ecological niches.
The researchers also studied papaya, cucumber, and grapes, which represent the much more diverse eudicots, and a moss and a primitive plant called a lycophyte.
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These primitive plants appeared at least 100 million years before flowers.
When he began his career, very few botanists specialised in lichens, primitive plants which combine fungi with algae.
Only a few primitive plants, which may have been part of the ancient desert vegetation, occur in present-day deserts.
Some Mesozoic beetles, already adapted to a diet of spores from primitive plants, apparently became pollen eaters, capable of effecting chance pollination with grains accidentally spared.
China's semiconductor industry consisted of a handful of relatively primitive plants just a few years ago, but it has grown quickly as manufacturers shift operations here to feed the fastest-growing computer chip market in the world.
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