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We discovered, unexpectedly, that bNAbs did not block primary virus capture, although they inhibited the capture of pseudoviruses/IMCs and production of progeny viruses at 48 h.
Superinfection exclusion (SIE), a phenomenon in which a primary virus infection prevents a secondary infection with the same or closely related virus, has been observed with various viruses.
Successes for neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) include potent cross-clade neutralization of primary virus isolates by human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nmAbs) targeting conserved envelope epitopes.
For each participant, ex vivo isolation and expansion of primary virus were performed by co-culturing CD4-enriched PBMCs from the HIV-1-infected patient with PBMC from HIV-seronegative unrelated healthy volunteer donors.
Major issues in designing diagnostic tests for primary HHV-6 infection include (1) to provide a rapid assay for useful information in a short time and (2) to distinguish between primary virus infection versus viral reactivation or latent infection.
Infection of the CEM T cell line with the NL4-3 virus clone or primary human CD4 T cells with X4- and R5-tropic clones and a clade C primary virus isolate all showed accelerated p24 production and larger fractions of infected target cells.
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The V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120 is considered occluded on many primary viruses.
The primary viruses for L. vannamei, particularly in northeastern Brazil, are the infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and the infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV).
However, the role of bNAbs, particularly during initial exposure of primary viruses to host cells, has not been fully examined.
Using a sensitive, quantitative, and high-throughput qRT-PCR assay, we found that primary viruses were captured by host cells and converted into a trypsin-resistant form in less than five minutes.
Overall, primary viruses collected from patients at first visit were resistant to neutralization by all anti-HIV-1 mAbs with the exception of one virus sensitive to IgG1b12.
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