Timber is the primary forest product in Malaysia although NTFPs such as rattan, bamboo, firewood, charcoal, damar, palm, wood-oil, gums/resins and medicinal plants are also harvested.
The montane forest, which constitutes the primary commercial timber zone, contains Douglas fir, red fir, Jeffrey pine, and the celebrated big tree, or giant sequoia, for which Sequoia National Park was designated a public preserve.
Along with timber harvesting [6], the rapid loss of primary forest to subsistence agriculture [7] [8] ultimately represents one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity.
Within the YS concession is 45 200 ha of primary forest in the Danum Valley Conservation Area and Palum Tambun Watershed Reserve, which is dominated numerically by valuable timber species of the family Dipterocarpaceae (Fisher et al., 2011).
This reduction is primarily due to land use change (e.g., conversion to agriculture and establishment of intensively-managed pine plantations where the primary goal is timber production).
We emphasized the development of commercial-aged stands of Douglas-fir, the dominant tree species in the study area and primary source of timber.
What we see is a geometrically complex structure with a primary frame of raw timber.
In this rural sector, production of the primary product (plantation crops, timber, beef, mineral, etc).
The primary result shows that timber prefabricate is the best choice due to having lower emissions toward climate change mitigation of building construction.
The field data were collected in primary forests of four timber concessions, that is, PT Erna Djuliati in Seruyan, PT Inhutani Nunukan, PT Intracawood Manufacturing in Malinau and PT Karya Rekanan Bina Bersama in Kapuas Hulu districts (01°30′00″S to 04°02′22″N and 112°03′00″E to 116°58′42″E) at an elevation of 202 540 m above sea level and a mean annual rainfall of 2936 3235 mm.
