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The primary substrate of laccases is lignin, an amorphous, complex cross-linked polymer consisting of phenylpropane units (Claus 2004; Moilanen et al. 2011).
Crystal structure of the FTO protein recently confirmed this, and indicated that single-stranded RNA is the primary substrate of FTO [16].
Deciduous leaves, the primary substrate of aquatic hyphomycetes, are highly seasonal in abundance in temperate climates [12] [14], with leaves most abundant in late autumn and winter and least abundant in summer and early fall [15].
Hazlett et al. [30] and Desrosiers et al. [31] revealed that TpTroA has high binding affinity for both Zn2+ and Mn2+, but Zn2+ is considered to be the primary substrate of TpTroA [32].
Previously, we reported that ICV infusion of 1 mg/kg hASM was the lowest effective dose to reduce lysosomal accumulation of sphingomylein (the primary substrate of hASM) in a mouse model of Niemann Pick A disease [16].
Since Trx is a primary substrate of TR1 and since other Sec-deficient TR1 have demonstrated oxidative stress, we measured the Trx redox status to determine if the Sec-deficient C-terminal mutant TR1 altered the redox status of Trx.
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Because of the improved biomass yield, the effect of the primary substrate on the specific p-hydroxybenzoate production rate qp was limited: the qp on glycerol (8.57 μmol C (g CDW −1 h−1) was only slightly higher than on glucose (7.96 μmol C (g CDW −1 h−1).
Food is one of the primary substrates of the reward system in higher living organisms.
The primary substrates of MMPs are generally thought to be the ECM components.
HLMVEC lysates incubated with LPS in presence or absence of different concentrations of ropivacaine were analyzed by Western blot, focusing on phosphorylated Cav-1 (pTyr-Cav-1), one of the primary substrates of Src, as well as the total amount of Cav-1 and β-actin.
Our studies provide direct experimental evidence for the existence of flexible α-glucan chains protruding from solvent-exposed surfaces of starch granules and that these chains, which increase in number during hydrothermal processing, are the primary substrates of pancreatic α-amylase.
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