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Such entities, Aristotle says, are primary substances (2a11).
For, he thinks that a species in substance is said-of primary substances while species in the other categories are not said-of primary substances.
Moreover, because primary substances seem to be members of natural kinds, it is natural to interpret secondary substances as the kinds to which primary substances belong.
The primary substances that provide information about metabolism are lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and glucose.
He says that were primary substances not to exist then no other entity would exist (2b6).
Secondary substances are related to primary substances as formal principles of the latter.
Primary substances are therefore substrates of existence and predication in relation to everything else.
The universal whiteness is said-of many primary substances but is only accidental to them.
This would seem to provide us with both examples of, and criteria for being, primary substances.
While the ten categories are all equally highest kinds, primary substances nonetheless have a certain sort of priority, since "all the other things are either said of the primary substances as subjects or in them as subjects.
Primary substances are the substrate of existence of any other kinds of categorial being, as nothing exists in addition to primary substances but secondary substances and accidents, which both are forms present in individual substances.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com