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This study presents the secondary analysis of a primary study that used a randomized control study design to demonstrate that a didactic educational intervention resulted in significantly more children being measured accurately within eight pediatric practices.
The data were from a larger primary study that tested the effect of practitioner pain question phrasing on the amount of pain information described by older adults with osteoarthritis pain.
This was the primary study that Monsanto used to claim its GM soybeans were safe for human consumption.
Posadzki et al. (2011) [ 9], however, included a primary study that evaluated the effectiveness of an intervention that was only part-Pilates [ 30].
Specifically, for each studied transcription factor we obtained the set of genes with detected promoter region-transcription factor binding according to the primary study that generated binding data.
All three authors were actively involved in the primary study that gave rise to the ethical issues raised in this debate paper.
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Previous meta-analyses included only primary studies that were conducted in non-ICU patients.
Several other shortcomings of primary studies that underlie this review should be kept in mind.
To identify variables that must be coded when synthesizing primary studies that use quasi-experimental designs.
Furthermore, narrative literature reviews rarely consider, in a reproducible and meaningful manner, the methodological quality, degree of bias and therefore reliability of the primary studies that are cited.
The review included primary studies that were in English and that reported either direct costs (drug costs, procedure costs, and medical service costs) or indirect costs (such as productivity loss) among patients with uterine fibroid tumors.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com