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Our primary method for measuring learning gains was from the use of a pre-MMM and post-MMM survey administered to students (electronically or paper format, see discussion below) prior to and following the MMM activity (Table 4).
A comparison between DGE and Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 microarray was performed since microarray technology has been the primary method for measuring genome-wide gene expression levels.
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Also discussed herein are the primary methods for measuring the kinetics of particle aggregation and theoretical descriptions of conventional and novel models which have demonstrated the most promise for the appropriate reduction of experimental data.
And although many agree that Nielsen ratings are outdated (despite finally beginning to adapt and measure online viewership) it remains the primary method of measuring ratings, for better or worse.
Consequently, multiplex analysis was used as the primary method of measuring pSTAT for all further studies reported here [ 25].
Measuring serum concentration is the primary method for diagnosing and monitoring exposed workers.
Nice also said while there was no "gold standard test" available, with patients diagnosed based on a medical history, it recommended spirometry – a measure of airflow obstruction – as the primary method for children over five and adults over 16.
Working with vignettes is a sophisticated and valid method for measuring the quality of care provided by primary care physicians [ 17].
A convenient method for measuring this is the Renninger scan (Renninger, 1937 ▶), in which the sample is rotated about a primary scattering vector.
The statement emphasised that lethal injection remains the primary method for carrying out executions in Utah.
Yet, written communication is the primary method for transmitting information online, but not everyone is skilled in written communication.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com