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In summary, although superficial fungi are the primary human pathogenic fungi, our knowledge about these organisms remains limited.
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No known primary human or animal pathogenic fungi number among the known psychrophiles.
To elucidate the mechanisms of pathogenesis of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in humans, we identified here the commonalities and differences of host-response signaling pathways in primary human macrophages infected with highly pathogenic influenza A/Vietnam/3212/2004 (H5N1) compared to a low-pathogenicity seasonal human influenza A/Hong Kong/54/1998 (H1N1).
Of note, recent studies showed that primary human adult fibroblasts (HFs) carrying pathogenic mutations in Dkc1 are refractory to cellular reprogramming (Agarwal et al., 2010; Batista et al., 2011).
Here we used microarrays to analyze and compare the gene expression profiles in primary human macrophages at 1, 3, and 6 h after infection with H5N1 virus or low-pathogenic seasonal influenza A (H1N1) virus.
To delineate the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of HCV infection of the brain, we report for the first time that primary human astrocytes and microglia were permissive to HCV infection with cell culture-derived HCV particles.
Taken together, such studies demonstrate a role for bacterial siderophores in hypoxia-independent activation of HIF-1α during infection with human pathogenic bacteria [54].Similarly, previous studies on viral infections with RSV have demonstrated induction of HIF-1α in primary human bronchial epithelial cells via a nitric-oxide-dependent pathway [42].
Pathogenic viruses such as avian H5N1 have an intrinsic capacity for eliciting enhanced innate immune responses in primary human macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells in vitro.
Attempts to identify a common pathogenic process underlying PMD have been complicated by an incomplete understanding of PLP1 dysfunction and limited access to primary human oligodendrocytes.
Grey box indicates known human pathogenic strains.
The rhizosphere microbiome: significance of plant beneficial, plant pathogenic, and human pathogenic microorganisms.
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