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This study investigated the effects of plant species (red clover vs. timothy-meadow fescue) and forage maturity at primary harvest (early vs. late cut silage) on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestion, and nitrogen metabolism including omasal canal AA flow and plasma AA concentration in lactating cows.
The C contained in and used for production of biofuels is included in the harvest/other uses box, but C contained in biofuel by-products sold and consumed as feed are pushed back into the primary harvest for feed/market feeds box; this results in a smaller total amount of C devoted to biofuels than in calculations that do not account for use of by-products in livestock feeds [2].
HANPPharv not only includes primary harvest flows, which are typically reported in statistical inventories, but also secondary harvest flows (e.g., used and unused crop residues or wood felling losses).
We used factors derived from data for 2000 to characterize the conversion of biomass from primary harvest to final products (food and fibre), in particular through the livestock system.
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In comparison to primary crop harvest, crop residue harvest, and the quantity of livestock-based food produced, the magnitude of livestock fodder and forage consumption is apparent.
The amount of crop residues of total plant biomass was calculated by multiplying primary crop harvest with crop specific harvest factors (Table S1), which were assumed to decrease during the 20th century owing to technological improvements.
Crop NPP, primary (main crop) harvest C, and residue collected for feed were calculated as in Wolf et al. [2]; reported meat production is converted to Tg C from FAO reports [36] of total global meat production in 2011 (292 Tg of meat entering food supply) multiplied by conversion factors to estimate C content [2].
HANPP is calculated as the sum of (a) HANPPharv, which consists of primary crop harvest and crop-residues and (b) indirect NPP changes through land conversion and land use change (HANPPluc) (Fig. 1).
Flocculation, the aggregation and sedimentation (or flocculation) of algal biomass, is also a very common primary harvesting method used to concentrate algae.
Agricultural residues can be derived from both primary harvesting and pruning activities on field as well as by-products/residues from processing crops in the respective agricultural industries.
Primary crop and forestry harvest was available in the national statistics, while harvest on grassland (mowing or grazing by ruminant livestock) was modeled through a grazing gap approach (Krausmann et al., 2008, 2013 ; refer to Section 2.2 ).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com