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Once it was "primary": fish ate a mixture of algae and bacteria.
In 2010, wild fisheries and aquaculture engaged 54.8 million people globally in the primary fish productivity sector only [2].
Results from the present study suggest that biotransformation, estrogen receptor-mediated responses, lipid homeostasis, growth and cancer/apoptosis in primary fish hepatocytes may be altered after short-term exposure to ER-agonists such as EE2.
Use of in vitro bioassays such as primary fish hepatocytes, which retain many of the native properties of the liver, has been proposed for in vitro screening of estrogen receptor (ER) agonists and antagonists.
Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to impaired lipid metabolism (e.g. peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and γ), growth (e.g. insulin growth factor protein 1), phase I and II biotransformation (e.g. cytochrome P450 1A, sulfotransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and glutathione S-transferase) provided additional insight into the MoA of EE2 in primary fish hepatocytes.
Here, we isolated a second zebrafish ortholog, named prox1b (to distinguish it from the first identified one, from now on designated prox1a), and showed that prox1b knockdown impedes the formation of the toracic duct (TD), the primary fish lymph vessel [10].
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And some Chinese officials have said China's domain stretches 188 miles from China's coast, in which it has primary fishing and mining rights.
Slightly higher up the chain are the 11 million U.S. anglers who regularly seek out the largemouth as their primary fishing pursuit.
In addition, not only primary freshwater fish (e.g., the Japanese rice fish, or medaka, Oryzias latipes) but also brackish-water fish (e.g., the Japanese mudskipper, Periophthalmus modestus) of the Ryukyu Archipelago are genetically distinct from adjacent conspecific populations [ 21- 23].
We constructed phylogenetic hypotheses for Mesoamerican Rhamdia, the only genus of primary freshwater fish represented by sympatric species across Central America.
It entered the oceanic food web, contaminating and accumulating in several species, including one of the pelican's primary food fish – the northern anchovy.
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