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The natural gas primary energy factor before burning is 1.11 in both countries [11].
Depending on the mix of energy sources used, the primary energy factor varies by country.
The primary energy factor is the ratio between the primary energy from the energy sources (fossil fuel as well as renewable) and the total energy used.
The method to determine it follows the procedure defined in the overarching standard of the EPBD: the total primary energy is calculated as the gas final consumption multiplied by its primary energy factor, added to the multiplication of the primary energy factor for the electricity and the difference between the electricity final consumption and the PV solar production.
Results of the conjoint analysis showed that the energy source and its corresponding primary energy factor was the most important attribute for preferences, followed by network design.
The majority of the DHS included in this analysis supply heat to the users with a primary energy factor in the range 0.9 1.8 and a CO2 emission factor between 0 and 0.30 kg/kWh.
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Table 5 summarises the primary energy factors for each energy source.
Table 2 summarises the relevant primary energy factors used in this study.
In the case of Spain, these primary energy factors are defined in the Spanish Code for Thermal Installations (RITE) [34].
This suggests a very similar specific energy demand by each plant with the primary energy factors of both countries seen to be comparable.
Table 2 Primary energy factors Form of energy Germany Western Australia Unit Mix of electric grid 2.77a 2.95a kWhpe per kWhel Heating oil 1.18b kWhpe per kWhth pe primary energy, el electric energy, th thermal energy aIINAS [11]; b PE International AG [16].
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