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A systemic problem that occurs with prevention programmes is that if they are not properly targeted or are implemented with inappropriate tools, they lose their primary effect, and thus efforts to increase the effectiveness of the health system do not achieve the desired countrywide results.
Thus, as the rate of extrinsic mortality increases, the rate of total mortality is predicted to increase at a faster rate, because of the combination of the primary effect and the exacerbatory secondary effect (figure 2b).
In many situations, it is very natural to ask for the unique contribution of the primary effect, and then for the additional contribution of the secondary effect.
For example, it was proposed that one mechanism could act as a "primary" effect, and the other as a "secondary" mechanism, either used to reinforce the inhibition or as a back-up mechanism.
Hence, for these mutations, which represent a good share of all the ones associated with human diseases [1], the reduction of the protein concentration in the cell is the primary effect and the reduction of total activity is only a secondary effect.
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Thus, the absolute values of the primary effects and, of the interactions are an important measure of the effect on the response variable (the measured ITS value).
The Box-Behnken experimental design allows the observation of primary effects and nutrient interaction effects on microalgal growth to be determined and presented via response surface analysis [ 11].
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses should include all available evidence to avoid selection bias and to increase the power of analyses of primary effects and effect modification by differences in patients and interventions.
Stereoradiographs for evaluation of cup migration (primary effect size) and DASH and pain scores were obtained during 2 years of follow-up.
Stereo radiographs for evaluation of absolute component migration (primary effect size) and single-direction absolute component migration (secondary effect size) were obtained within the first postoperative week and at 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years.
Peak-to-trough ratio of the seasonal variation in incidence rates of stroke in AF patients adjusted for an overall trend was primary effect measure and was assessed using a log-linear Poisson regression model.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com