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Immunostaining for CXCL1 revealed that GFAP+ astrocytes are the primary cellular source of CXCL1 within the spinal cord (Figure 1C).
In postnatal skeletal muscle, the primary cellular source of growth and regeneration is the satellite cell [5] [7], a quiescent muscle precursor cell situated beneath the basal lamina that surrounds each muscle fibre.
The fact that MnSOD is a mitochondrial enzyme, that the mitochondria are the primary cellular source of hydrogen peroxide, and that dietary hydrogen peroxide and MnSOD over-expression both altered a direct output of circadian rhythms in flies (daily locomotor activity), suggests that hydrogen peroxide may be an additional retrograde signal affecting circadian rhythms.
To verify the primary cellular source of I/R-induced chemokine production, we measured chemokine mRNA in mesenteric tissue at 30-min and 2-h reperfusion.
Consistent with their role as the generators of cellular ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, they play crucial roles in energy metabolism and apoptosis [ 18], and serve as the primary cellular source of reactive oxygen species [ 19].
Chronic liver injury activates and transforms quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which transdifferentiate into activated HSCs, called myofibroblasts, acquiring contractile, proliferative and fibrogenic properties as the primary cellular source of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the liver (Moreira, 2007).
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Mitochondria are main cellular source for energy in eukaryotic cells.
The energy released during electron transfer is used to establish a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane that is harnessed to drive the production of the primary cellular energy source, adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) via ATP synthase (complex V).
This concept urged translational researchers to reassess the cellular source of IL-17 in the primary target tissues of a various diseases.
In future studies, it will be important to investigate the cellular source of cytokine production to determine whether macrophages are the primary source or whether early stage erythroblasts also contribute to production.
To determine the cellular source and localisation of HOXC8 in pancreatic tissues, 15 CP as well as 31 primary and 12 metastatic PDAC tissues were probed for immunoreactivity.
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