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To determine the primary cell source from which IL-27 was induced in vivo, murine bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC), monocytes, lung epithelial cells (LEC) and lymphocytes were isolated, and influenza virus infection resulted in a significant IL-27 production in murine BMDC, monocytes, LEC and lymphocytes in vitro (supplementary Fig 4A).
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Mouse and human fibroblasts are the most commonly used primary cell sources in cellular reprogramming studies.
A limitation of our approach is related to the heterogenic response across primary cell sources [ 35] leading to distinct temporal dynamics during differentiation and mineralization.
Research programs that lack such facilities tend towards commercially available primary cells sources.
Neutrophils are the recognised primary inflammatory cell source of this protein, released into the surrounding environment as a defence mechanism as part of innate immunity.
Some of the primary stem cell sources available to achieve β cell replacement include pancreatic stem cells, hepatic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
To overcome this limitation, cancer cell lines are beginning to be replaced by primary tumor cell sources, in the form of patient-derived xenografts and organoids cultures.
Aside from differences in cell source (primary leukemia blasts versus cell lines) the continuous exposure of cells to DNA damaging drugs may account for the difference between our data and published literature, where the introduction of FLT3-ITD into cell lines has been associated with resistance to DNA damage induced apoptosis [36], [38].
Further investigation into the released factor and specific cell source in primary cultures will be of interest.
The limitation on the number of primary erythroid cells could be overcome by the use of improved primary cell transfection protocols or alternative sources of HSCs such as commercially available HSCs or bone marrow aspirates.
Based on the results and also the time-consuming procedure of the cell selection and expansion, unsorted primary cells may provide a better cell source for future clinical applications.
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