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A completely newly designed multi-functional facility for the primary calibration of reference solar cells and the spectral characterization of all solar cell types has been developed and built at PTB.
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A multi-functional differential spectral responsivity (DSR) measurement system for primary calibration of the shortcircuit current (SCC) of reference solar cells with WPVS World Photovoltaic Scalee) design [1] is reported in this paper.
The paper provides comparison of the optical encoder reference technique to manufacturer's accredited primary calibration of an artifact as per ISO 16063-11.
For the primary calibration of the phase response of accelerometers, the knowledge of the response delay of the reference, i.e. the laser interferometer is a decisive prerequisite.
It is widely known that in the primary calibration of accelerometers by using a laser interferometer, a device under test (DUT) and the laser interferometer should measure vibration at the same reference position.
The primary duct calibrations and primary branch calibration of 13 normal glands in cases groups were found to be 0.6 2.0 mm (mean 1 mm) and 0.5 1.3 mm (mean 0.8 mm), respectively.
Our primary calibration point was based on the fossil of Acilius florissantensis Wickham, 1909.
Despite the sophistication of present day instruments, there is still need to depend on manual techniques for primary calibration.
The primary duct calibration of 10 glands with stones was 1.3 6.3 mm (mean 3.5 mm), and the primary branch calibration was 0.9 4.1 mm (mean 2.4 mm), while the primary duct calibration was 0.9 5.1 mm (mean 2.2 mm), and primary branch calibration was 0.6 3.5 mm (mean 2.1 mm) in 8 cases with chronic sialadenitis.
The calibration of the reference reaction in aqueous solution and EVB parameters are provided in the Supporting Information.
To assess improvement of calibration, the average of reference activities A r and corresponding average relative errors are calculated for each reference activity decade.
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