These findings are interesting from the point of view that the ion transport by the secondary active transporter (KCC4) upregulates the primary active pump activity (H+,K+-ATPase).
At 120 h, three GO terms, including primary active transmembrane transporter activity (GO: 0015399), ATPase activity, and coupled to transmembrane movement of substances (GO: 0042626), were over-represented.
Our GO analysis notably revealed the term "primary active transmembrane transporter activity".
These findings imply that these metabolites of ADS-I may be the primary active substances for its inhibitory activity against the growth of the tumor in vivo after oral administration, which however remains unknown.
Notably, this assay measures only the activity of cystatin C at its primary active site, which interacts with papain-like cysteine proteases.
Roflumilast is metabolized in the liver and its primary active metabolite, roflumilast N-oxide, is responsible for much of its pharmacodynamic activity (Huennemeyer et al. 2002a).
It is this coupling that creates primary active transport.
A shroom trip lasts from 4 to 5, and its primary active ingredient, psilocybin, is about 100 times less potent than LSD.
The proper distribution of ions is restored by the action of ion pumps (see below Primary active transport).
Many animal cells can perform a primary active transport of calcium out of the cell, developing a 10,000-fold gradient of that ion.
Other hydrogen-pumping ATP-splitting primary active transporters occur in intracellular organelles, in bacteria, and in plant cells (see below The mitochondrion and the chloroplast).
